Synthesized phosho peptide around human ATR (Thr1989)

This antibody detects endogenous levels of Human ATR (phospho-Thr1989)

ATR FRP1

ATR (Thr1989)

Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR ;
Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein ;
FRAP-related protein 1 ;

The protein encoded by this gene belongs the PI3/PI4-kinase family , and is most closely related to ATM , a protein kinase encoded by the gene mutated in ataxia telangiectasia. This protein and ATM share similarity with Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad3 , a cell cycle checkpoint gene required for cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair in response to DNA damage. This kinase has been shown to phosphorylate checkpoint kinase CHK1 , checkpoint proteins RAD17 , and RAD9 , as well as tumor suppressor protein BRCA1. Mutations of this gene are associated with Seckel syndrome. An alternatively spliced transcript variant of this gene has been reported , however , its full length nature is not known. Transcript variants utilizing alternative polyA sites exist. [provided by RefSeq , Jul 2008] ,

Catalytic activity:ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. ,cofactor:Manganese. ,Disease:Defects in ATR are a cause of Seckel syndrome type 1 (SCKL1) [MIM:210600]. SCKL1 is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation , microcephaly with mental retardation , and a characteristic 'bird-headed' facial appearance. ,enzyme regulation:Activated by DNA and inhibited by BCR-ABL oncogene. Slightly activated by ATRIP. Inhibited by caffeine , wortmannin and LY294002. ,Function:Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon genotoxic stresses such as ionizing radiation (IR) , ultraviolet light (UV) , or DNA replication stalling , thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q. Phosphorylates BRCA1 , CHEK1 , MCM2 , RAD17 , RPA2 , SMC1 and TP53/p53 , which collectively inhibit DNA replication and mitosis and promote DNA repair , recombination and apoptosis. Phosphorylates 'Ser-139' of histone variant H2AX/H2AFX at sites of DNA damage , thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism. Required for FANCD2 ubiquitination. Critical for maintenance of fragile site stability and efficient regulation of centrosome duplication. ,PTM:Phosphorylated; autophosphorylates in vitro. ,similarity:Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. ATM subfamily. ,similarity:Contains 1 FAT domain. ,similarity:Contains 1 FATC domain. ,similarity:Contains 1 PI3K/PI4K domain. ,similarity:Contains 2 HEAT repeats. ,subcellular location:Depending on the cell type , it can also be found in PML nuclear bodies. Recruited to chromatin during S-phase. Redistributes to discrete nuclear foci upon DNA damage , hypoxia or replication fork stalling. ,subunit:Forms an heterodimer with ATRIP. Binds to DNA , and to UV-damaged DNA with higher affinity. Interacts with RAD17 , MSH2 and HDAC2. Present in a complex containing ATRIP and RPA-coated single-stranded DNA. Present in a complex containing CHD4 and HDAC2. Interacts with BCR-ABL after genotoxic stress. Interacts with EEF1E1. This interaction is enhanced by UV irradiation. Interacts with CLSPN and CEP164. ,tissue specificity:Ubiquitous , with highest expression in testis. Isoform 2 is found in pancreas , placenta and liver but not in heart , testis and ovary. ,

Nucleus . Chromosome . Depending on the cell type , it can also be found in PML nuclear bodies. Recruited to chromatin during S-phase. Redistributes to discrete nuclear foci upon DNA damage , hypoxia or replication fork stalling.

>>Fanconi anemia pathway ;
>>Cell cycle ;
>>p53 signaling pathway ;
>>Cellular senescence ;
>>Human papillomavirus infection ;
>>Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection ;
>>Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection