Raf1 (Phospho Ser259) Antibody detects endogenous levels of Raf-1 protein only when phosphorylated at S259.The name of modified sites may be influenced by many factors, such as species (the modified site was not originally found in human samples) and the change of protein sequence (the previous protein sequence is incomplete, and the protein sequence may be prolonged with the development of protein sequencing technology). When naming, we will use the "numbers" in historical reference to keep the sites consistent with the reports. The antibody binds to the following modification sequence (lowercase letters are modification sites):STsTP

RAF1

RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase

RAF1 ;
RAF ;
RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase ;
Proto-oncogene c-RAF ;
cRaf ;
Raf-1

This gene is the cellular homolog of viral raf gene (v-raf). The encoded protein is a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), which functions downstream of the Ras family of membrane associated GTPases to which it binds directly. Once activated, the cellular RAF1 protein can phosphorylate to activate the dual specificity protein kinases MEK1 and MEK2, which in turn phosphorylate to activate the serine/threonine specific protein kinases, ERK1 and ERK2. Activated ERKs are pleiotropic effectors of cell physiology and play an important role in the control of gene expression involved in the cell division cycle, apoptosis, cell differentiation and cell migration. Mutations in this gene are associated with Noonan syndrome 5 and LEOPARD syndrome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

Catalytic activity:ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.,cofactor:Binds 2 zinc ions per subunit.,Disease:Defects in RAF1 are the cause of LEOPARD syndrome type 2 (LEOPARD syndrome-2) [MIM:611554]. LEOPARD syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder allelic with Noonan syndrome. The acronym LEOPARD stands for lentigines, electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonic stenosis, abnormalities of genitalia, retardation of growth, and deafness.,Disease:Defects in RAF1 are the cause of Noonan syndrome type 5 (NS5) [MIM:611553]. Noonan syndrome (NS) is a disorder characterized by dysmorphic facial features, short stature, hypertelorism, cardiac anomalies, deafness, motor delay, and a bleeding diathesis. It is a genetically heterogeneous and relatively common syndrome, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 1000-2500 live births.,Function:Involved in the transduction of mitogenic signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. Part of the Ras-dependent signaling pathway from receptors to the nucleus. Protects cells from apoptosis mediated by STK3.,PTM:Phosphorylated upon DNA damage, probably by ATM or ATR. Phosphorylation at Thr-269 increases its kinase activity.,similarity:Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAF subfamily.,similarity:Contains 1 phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger.,similarity:Contains 1 protein kinase domain.,similarity:Contains 1 RBD (Ras-binding) domain.,subunit:Interacts with Ras proteins; the interaction is antagonized by RIN1. Weakly interacts with RIT1 (By similarity). Interacts with STK3; the interaction inhibits its pro-apoptotic activity. Interacts with YWHAZ (unphosphorylated at 'Thr-232').,tissue specificity:In skeletal muscle, isoform 1 is more abundant than isoform 2.,

Cytoplasm. Cell membrane. Mitochondrion. Nucleus. Colocalizes with RGS14 and BRAF in both the cytoplasm and membranes. Phosphorylation at Ser-259 impairs its membrane accumulation. Recruited to the cell membrane by the active Ras protein. Phosphorylation at Ser-338 and Ser-339 by PAK1 is required for its mitochondrial localization. Retinoic acid-induced Ser-621 phosphorylated form of RAF1 is predominantly localized at the nucleus.

In skeletal muscle, isoform 1 is more abundant than isoform 2.

>>EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance ;
>>Endocrine resistance ;
>>MAPK signaling pathway ;
>>ErbB signaling pathway ;
>>Ras signaling pathway ;
>>Rap1 signaling pathway ;
>>cGMP-PKG signaling pathway ;
>>cAMP signaling pathway ;
>>Chemokine signaling pathway ;
>>FoxO signaling pathway ;
>>Sphingolipid signaling pathway ;
>>Phospholipase D signaling pathway ;
>>Autophagy - animal ;
>>mTOR signaling pathway ;
>>PI3K-Akt signaling pathway ;
>>Apoptosis ;
>>Cellular senescence ;
>>Vascular smooth muscle contraction ;
>>Axon guidance ;
>>VEGF signaling pathway ;
>>Apelin signaling pathway ;
>>Focal adhesion ;
>>Gap junction ;
>>Signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells ;
>>Neutrophil extracellular trap formation ;
>>C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway ;
>>JAK-STAT signaling pathway ;
>>Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity ;
>>T cell receptor signaling pathway ;
>>B cell receptor signaling pathway ;
>>Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway ;
>>Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis ;
>>Long-term potentiation ;
>>Neurotrophin signaling pathway ;
>>Serotonergic synapse ;
>>Long-term depression ;
>>Regulation of actin cytoskeleton ;
>>Insulin signaling pathway ;
>>GnRH signaling pathway ;
>>Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation ;
>>Estrogen signaling pathway ;
>>Melanogenesis ;
>>Prolactin signaling pathway ;
>>Thyroid hormone signaling pathway ;
>>Oxytocin signaling pathway ;
>>Relaxin signaling pathway ;
>>Parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion and action ;
>>GnRH secretion ;
>>Growth hormone synthesis, secretion and action ;
>>Alzheimer disease ;
>>Pathways of neurodegeneration - multiple diseases ;
>>Alcoholism ;
>>Salmonella infection ;
>>Tuberculosis ;
>>Hepatitis C ;
>>Hepatitis B ;
>>Human cytomegalovirus infection ;
>>Influenza A ;
>>Human papillomavirus infection ;
>>Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection ;
>>Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection ;
>>Pathways in cancer ;
>>Proteoglycans in cancer ;
>>MicroRNAs in cancer ;
>>Chemical carcinogenesis - receptor activation ;
>>Chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species ;
>>Colorectal cancer ;
>>Renal cell carcinoma ;
>>Pancreatic cancer ;
>>Endometrial cancer ;
>>Glioma ;
>>Prostate cancer ;
>>Melanoma ;
>>Bladder cancer ;
>>Chronic myeloid leukemia ;
>>Acute myeloid leukemia ;
>>Non-small cell lung cancer ;
>>Breast cancer ;
>>Hepatocellular carcinoma ;
>>Gastric cancer ;
>>Central carbon metabolism in cancer ;
>>Choline metabolism in cancer ;
>>PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer